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1993-05-24
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Date: Sun, 16 May 1993 14:00:10 -0500
From: tonyh@msc.cornell.edu (Tony Huang)
Subject: [*] Review of eDisk and TimesTwo
This is a review of the only two driver-level compression programs
currently available. It also addresses a number of other compression
related issues. I'll update this document when new information or new
product in this category (such as Stacker for Macintosh) becomes available.
I welcome any comment or suggestion, and espeicially your experience with
these products.
To the Moderators: please replace the file times-two.txt that I previous
submitted with this one.
Tony Huang
tonyh@msc.cornell.edu
Review of eDisk and TimesTwo
----------------------------
A little more than six months ago, Golden Triangle introduced TimesTwo, the
first driver-level compression program for the Mac. It remained the only
product of its kind until now. After a two-month delay, Alysis is finally
shipping eDisk (To be fair, TimesTwo was delayed for over three months
after the initial announcement). Despite the distinction of being the only
two driver-level compression programs currently on the market, the two
programs are quite different in a number of respects. The following is a
review of these two programs (Comparisons with other file-level compression
programs are also made where appropriate).
I. Driver-level Compression vs. File-level Compression
File-level compression programs for the Mac have been around for a while.
They compress (and decompress) data on a file-by-file basis. They basically
fall into two categories. In the first category are programs like StuffIt
and DiskDoubler. With these programs, the user has to decide which file
(or files) to compress and initiate the action. In the second category are
programs that compress and decompress files automatically in the
background. Programs such as AutoDoubler, More Disk Space, SpaceSaver
belong to this second category. To operate in the background, these
programs typically require the installation of a control panel in your
System folder (More Disk Space patches the System file directly by
installing its own resources). Because of this requirement compatibility is
a problem. There is always the potential of conflict with another INIT
(also known as system Extension or Startup document) or control panel with
INIT code, or with the way a particular application works. These conflicts
may or may not be the fault of file-level compression but the potential is
there and is unavoidable at the file level. Another problem with file-level
compression is the lack of total transparency while moving files from disk
to disk (especially across a network).
Driver-level compression solves all these problems, theoretically. Since
your hard disk (or any other rewritable SCSI drive) SCSI driver operates at
the lower level than the Mac operating system, compatibility should not be
an issue (except with those very few programs that also try to modify the
SCSI driver or access the driver directly in an unusual way). For the same
reason, driver-level compression is almost totally transparent to the user.
One can move the files around from disk to disk or to another Mac on the
network without any worry. A disk with data compression driver can be
mounted on any Mac and its files accessed without any special program.
There is a price to be paid, however, for all this simplicity and elegance.
Since driver-level compressor compresses ALL data written to the disk (it
cannot distinguish files, by definition), user cannot pick and choose what
to compress and what not to. This problem can be solved (at least
partially) if the driver-level compression program works with disk
partitions.
II. SCSI drivers and partitions
Most (but not all) SCSI driver programs (also known as disk formatters)
support disk partitioning. A disk can be divided into a number of
partitions, each of which is then treated by the Mac as a separate volume.
For reasons of efficiency, it is generally a good idea to partition a large
disk into several smaller volumes. With driver-level compression, there is
another reason for disk partitioning. As I mentioned earlier, with
driver-level compression one does not have the choice of what not to
compress. There are many files you probably do not want compressed. If you
use Virtual Memory (VM) you definitely do NOT want to compress the VM swap
file (which is invisible). Files that are already compressed by another
program generally should not be compressed again. There is little to gain
(in disk space -- some highly compressed files may even take more disk
space if compressed again by another compressor that does not recognize
compressed data) but much to lose (in access time, etc.). I also put System
file and Finder in this category since many of their resources are already
in compressed form, and these resources are accessed frequently. If the
driver-level compression program works with disk partitions, you can
install the compressor on some partitions and leave the others alone. I
strongly recommend leaving the start-up partition (which contains the
System folder) uncompressed if the driver-level compression program
supports it.
At the moment, only eDisk from Alysis works with disk partitions (the
upcoming Stacker for Macintosh will also support disk partitions). Golden
Triangle also promised that a future version of TimesTwo would support disk
partitioning. TimesTwo is also unique in another respect: it replaces your
existing SCSI driver with its own (which is not too surprising considering
Golden Triangle also produces the disk formatter DiskMaker). Unlike
TimesTwo, eDisk (as well as Stacker) modifies and attaches itself to the
existing SCSI driver. I personally prefer the second approach since it
gives the user the freedom to choose his or her own SCSI driver.
III. Speed and Compression Ratio
Besides the program's stability (and perhaps user friendliness), the most
important factors in evaluating a compression program are its speed and
compression ratio. TimesTwo uses an algorithm licensed from Stac
Electronics (which will release its own driver-level compression program
Stacker for Macintosh) and is reasonably fast. It performed as well as any
file-level compression program. eDisk uses Alysis' own algorithm and is
perhaps the fastest compression program thus far (Truly objective
benchmarks are nearly impossible with the current crop of SCSI benchmarking
programs, however. For example, FWB HDT BenchTest give my hard disk a
higher index with eDisk than without it. Decompression is exceptionally
fast. On a fast Mac (a Quadra or Centris, for example), applications on a
compressed partition launch just as fast as on an uncompressed partition.
Compression is also very fast (unlike its sister program More Disk Space),
especially when the "Delayed Write" cache is enabled (more on this later).
The amount of disk space you can save with either of these two programs, as
with any other data compression program, depends the type of files you put
on the disk. It is not easy to find out exactly how much a particular file
(or a set of files) was compressed by due to the nature of driver-level
compression. On a partition full of applications with very few documents
(applications are generally not as compressible as most types of
documents), eDisk did a very good job and resulted in a roughly 2:1
compression ratio. TimesTwo and eDisk handle differently the amount of
available disk space. Because of compression ratios vary for different
types of files, TimesTwo uses an invisible file to "adjust" the amount of
the space taken up by the files. For example, if a 1 MB file is compressed
down to 0.6 MB the invisible file would grow by 0.1 MB (since the 1 MB file
is "supposed" to occupy only 0.5 MB on a x2 disk).
Instead of using an invisible file, eDisk calculates the amount of space
dynamically so that the total "size" (amount in disk + amount available) of
the disk (or partition) would fluctuate. This approach is obviously more
elegant and more accurate. However, there is a bug in the current version.
At one point during testing the reported total "size" of the eDisk
(actually a partition) was less than the physical size of the partition!
The problem turned out to be not serious and went away after I copied a
small file onto the partition forcing eDisk to recalculate.
Although both TimesTwo and eDisk achieve good compression ratio, eDisk
enjoys a slight advantage here also, partly due to its unique background
optimizing feature. Because files are stored differently, regular disk
optimizers will not achieve the desired result on a compressed disk (even
though they can be used). eDisk has its own built-in optimizing feature.
During idle time eDisk optimizes the disk, and whenever possible, squeezes
more space out of the disk. This feature can be turned off if you are the
type that worries about excessive disk access (you should at least turn it
on once in a while or use the repair function to run the optimizer in the
foreground).
IV. Installation and Setup
Installation of either TimesTwo or eDisk is not difficult but time
consuming. TimesTwo offers non-destructive installation but it only works
under limited circumstances. For non-destructive installation to work, the
disk must not have been partitioned since TimesTwo does not currently
support disk partitioning. I have found with some SCSI drivers TimesTwo
installer has trouble recognizing a non-partitioned disk as
non-partitioned. As a result, the installer would insist on erasing all
data on the disk (You are warned and allowed to back out the installation
process, however). Non-destructive installation also does not work if the
disk does not have sufficient space for the installer to work with. In any
event, you are encouraged to backup your data before installation.
eDisk installation is not non-destructive so you have to do a backup. On
the positive side, only the partition you intend to install eDisk on is
affected and the installation process is somewhat faster than TimesTwo's
probably due to the fact that the installer does not have to move files
around. Before the installer modifies your disk you have to choose an
expansion factor (either 2, 3, or 4) for the disk. The expansion factor
has no effect on how tightly data are compressed and is used only in
available space calculation (see last section). To me, it is just an
advertising gimmick. Once eDisk is installed you should change some of the
eDisk settings (using the default settings is not recommended). First, you
should disable the "Smart" eDisk feature (It does not work very well). Then
set the compression speed to either fast (if your Mac is reasonably fast)
or faster (if you have a slow Mac such as an SE or Classic). The most
interesting feature is the "Delayed Write" cache. I recommend turning it on
(I set aside 1 MB for the cache but you set it to any value between 64K to
10MB depending on how much RAM you have). It improves compression speed
significantly. On the down side, if the system crashes you risk losing data
still in the cache.
The cache is flushed during idle time or when full.
V. Driver-lever Compression and Removable Drives
Because of the existence of numerous SCSI drivers and the lack of standard,
auto-mounting of removable cartridges (or discs) is a challenge for a
driver-level compression program. With removable media there is always the
possibility of some cartridges (Here I use the term "cartridge" to mean any
removable medium including MO disc) formatted with incompatible drivers. If
you routinely use cartridges formatted with different drivers, the standard
solution is to use SCSIProbe to manually mount the cartridge (driver
loading) and close the driver on ejection (driver purging). SyQuest has
been promoting this solution. However, very few SCSI drivers support this
scheme at this time. As a result, auto-mounting INITs that are supplied
with many SCSI formatters do not work with SCSIProbe. More specifically,
these auto-mounting INITs will not reload the SCSI driver from a new
cartridge if the old SCSI driver was purged, or they will use the old
driver on the new cartridge if it was not (which will likely lead to a
crash, at some point if not immediately, or the dreaded message saying
"This is not a Macintosh disk. Do you want to initialize it").
The problem is further complicated by driver-level compression. You may
want to install drive-level compression program on some cartridges but not
on others. Unfortunately, neither TimesTwo nor eDisk handles the problem
very well. With TimesTwo, users of removable cartridge drive would have to
give up on auto-mounting of cartridges and use SCSIProbe or similar utility
to mount cartridges manually. The situation is not much better with eDisk.
Alysis advises against using auto-mounting INIT. Instead, a "special"
version of SCSIProbe is included with eDisk (As it turns out, there is
nothing special about this "special" version. It is just the latest version
3.5 of SCSIProbe altered to display the Alysis logo). However, this
combination does not work very well (at least for me). Worse yet, there is
apparently a bug in eDisk. If you boot your Mac without any expanded
cartridge in the removable drive and later want to mount an "expanded"
cartridge (i.e., one with eDisk installed) with SCSIProbe, you will get an
error message saying there is insufficient memory to load the driver (I am
not sure at this point if this bug affects all SCSI drivers or just some of
them). There is no problem mounting cartridges this way if you had any
expanded cartridge in the drive when the Mac starts up. After some
experimentation, I found there is an alternative provided that you
formatted all your cartridges with the same SCSI formatter (and you do not
routinely use cartridges formatted by other people). With this method you
can continue to use your favorite auto-mounting INIT (most likely the one
bundled with the SCSI formatter). Just power on (or restart) your Mac with
an expanded cartridge in the drive (you have to do this regardless which
method you use if you want to use an expanded cartridge during the
session). Once the eDisk driver is loaded you can swap cartridges (whether
expanded or not) without any problem (assuming all cartridge are prepared
with the same SCSI formatter, of course) and the cartridges will
auto-mount.
VI. Compatibility Issues
As I mentioned earlier, incompatibility is not a big issue with
well-written driver-level compression programs. The only class of programs
that are potentially incompatible are other driver-level programs. Many
disk security programs (such as DiskLock) belong to this category. The
password feature of many SCSI drivers may not work, either. You should
still be able to use the password feature on an unexpanded disk or
partition, however.
Alysis also warned using Public Utilities or AutoDoubler (both from Fifth
Generation Systems) with eDisk. Alysis has also admitted that they have not
thoroughly tested these two programs. I did not test them either because I
do not have Public Utilities and there is no reason to use AutoDoubler with
eDisk. Nonetheless, I suspect this is just a continuing feud (which started
with AutoDoubler and More Disk Space) between the two companies.
VII. Summary
Driver-level compression programs are maturing and they compete favorably
with any file-level compression program. The following comparison chart
should help you decide which program is best for you. (The rating is on a
scale of 1 through 5: 1 = poor, 5 = excellent).
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
| | Compatibility | Ease of use/ | Speed* | Compression |
| | | Transparency | | ratio |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
|AutoDoubler | 3 | 3/2 | 3 | 4 |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
|eDisk | 4 | 4/5 | 5 | 4 |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
|More Disk Space| 2 | 2/2 | 4** | 3 |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
|SpaceSaver | 4 | 4/2 | 2 | 4 |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
|TimesTwo | 4 | 4/4 | 3 | 3 |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+--------+-------------+
* The numbers are weighted heavily in favor of decompression speed, since
compression is usually performed in idle time and does not affect overall
performance very much. This applies to all file-level compressors and eDisk
with "Delayed Write" cache turned on. Only TimesTwo's overall performance
is significantly affected by compression speed.
** More Disk Space has the slowest compression speed.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Some Final Thoughts
This document will be updated when new information or new product in this
category (such as Stacker for Macintosh) becomes available. I welcome any
comment or suggestion, and espeicially your experience with these products.
Tony Huang Revision: 1.0
tonyh@msc.cornell.edu Date: 5/14/93